Parliament can fun for a maximum of 5 years - it needs to be dissolved by the Queen before an election. Ultimately, it can be dissolved at any time - if the Government no longer has a majority or an election can be triggered if the government loses a vote of confidence in the Commons. A vote of confidence in the commons is quite rare though.
Jim Callaghan lost by 1 vote in 1979 - winter of discontent. Due to this one vote, Thatcher won the election and came to power.
Locke - 'if your going to take things from people you must give them a voice'. John Locke, known philosopher, described the way in which you must be happy with the representation of people e.g. MP's etc. Another known philosopher, Rousseau, believed in a direct democracy which was on the spot. People should be involved in every aspect of this and by it being on the spot it it could be relating to such ways as texting and online for future voting prospects.
Coalition government has passed a law fixing the date of elections every 5 years, the next occuring on the 7th May 2015.
Up until now, the Prime Minister fixed the date of the elections. It has been tradition to hold them on a Thursday, which has been around since 1935! Little fact of the day there for you!
In order to vote you have to register (on the electoral register) and since you are not automatically on it -even if you pay taxes- roughly 45 million people are already on the register.
This year there is the US presidential elections and the French presidential elections. Consequently, we do not have a presidential election as our head of state is the Queen herself. We as a country do not directly elect our Prime Minister.
Voting Polls
England - 37,912,549
Scotland - 3,885,148
Wales - 2,262,769
Northern Ireland - 1,134,983
(Source - BBC)
Citizens living overseas can vote but less than 15,000 of the estimated 5.5 million actually do.
Who can't vote you ask? ...
- Under 18's
- Prisoners
- People with criminal records
- Members of the House of Lords
- European Union Citizens
Representation of the people act is the law that covers elections.
In 1918 men over 21 and women over 30 were allowed to vote
1928 - universal suffrage (all adults over 21 were able to vote)
1969 - all adults over the age of 18 had the right to vote but it not compulsory (it is compulsory to vote in Australia)
Who can stand? - Citizens over the age of 18
First Past the Post, Not PR - whoever gains a majority in the constituency is elected. This means that national voting percentages are not reflected in seats. Furthermore, the election comes down to marginals as most votes in safe seats are wasted. There are not many marginal seats and the meaning of them is that it is undecided who will be there. Labour won half the seats in 2005 but only had 35% of the vote. This has lead to people voting tactically by trying to stop the party they dislike rather than choosing their own personal choice. This is tactical voting - for example, a labour supporter in Winchester.
In the 2010 election most cities voted Labour, which is the working class, however the countryside voted mostly conservative.
If you want to become an MP you must put down a deposit of £500. This money will be returned if you get at least 5% of the votes cast. This deposit used to be much less but it was changed due to many people running just for the fun as they had about £100 to spare. By having the increase it makes sure the people who are running are serious about it. Spoilt ballets are always disqualified, this relates to people drawing pictures or putting crosses by everyone's names. If there is a close result there can be a recount in some cases.
Closer to home
In Winchester 1997, Mark Oaten won against Tory MP Gerry Malone by 2 votes in the local election that year. He went to high court and was granted a by-election, resulting in Oaten winning by a landslide.
29/03/2012
Schopenhauer and Nietzche
Schopenhauer's work comes within the general
School of General Idealism of the 19th Century. He was a contemporary with
Hegel who was someone Schopenhauer particularly hates. His position is that of
immateralism which is to say that the apparent world does not exist
independently of perception. In any ways Schopenhauer is similar to Kant, such
ways are that they both believe that you can deduce by reason that there is a
necessary pre-existent formless 'something' which is a necessary condition of
the existence of anything at all. Yes, pretty confusing right. I'll have to get
back to you on the meaning of that long and winding sentence and the meaning
behind it.
Kant
- each object can be a 'thing in itself' separate from another 'thing in
itself'. He argued that all experience could only come through us by our
facilities and senses. In simpler terms, what we could experience ultimately
depended on the nature of the facilities which we possess.
For
Schopenhauer there is only one undifferentiated 'thing in itself' and this is
existence as a thing in itself. For this he uses the term 'WILL'. Consequently
this can be confused with the term 'free will' and therefore is a bad choice.
The concept of will in Schopenhauer is the same according to Nietzsche as
'eternal fire' in Heraclitus (a pre-Socratic). Nietzsche hated Socrates such as
Plato and believed that the Socrates were only trying to think their way out of
things and it would never work.
All
experience is subject dependent. Therefore we could see reality in 2 ways
(which is named the double aspect theory). Things in themselves independent of
experience. Similar to Kant’s theory of noumnea, but for Schopenhauer all
noumnea are the same thing – a ‘everything as a thing in itself’. This is an
example of his term the will. His work was securely in the mainstream of
Western Philosophy and he knew about Buddism and Hinduism. Due to this, he was
the only major Western Philosopher to draw parallels between Western and
Eastern thought.
Nietzsche believed in the term ‘good is dead’ and thought that the future would be full of violence. Not only this but also thought that humanity was a passing phase, ultimately branding him anti-human/Christian. Nietzsche’s main book was named The Birth of Tragedy and focused on the art form that transcended the pessimism of a meanless world.
Nietzsche believed in the term ‘good is dead’ and thought that the future would be full of violence. Not only this but also thought that humanity was a passing phase, ultimately branding him anti-human/Christian. Nietzsche’s main book was named The Birth of Tragedy and focused on the art form that transcended the pessimism of a meanless world.
28/03/2012
Weber Seminar - Summary
4 Fundamental types of social action;
1. Instrumental rational action - Performed due to social status and security factors. Ultimately doing something to further yourself.
2. Value rational action - It is a good thing to do
3. Affectual emotional action - Emotional reason behind it
4. Traditional - what you believe should be done in society. 'Just because'.
Weber believes there is no absolute knowledge. This could possibly be related to Hegel and the way in which Hegel believed knowledge is the instrument used to get hold of the absolute.
The first bureaucratic state was the German Empire. The Prussian army was the heart of the state and was also highly bureaucratic.
A bureaucracy is a rule conducted from a desk/office. The world comes from the French word 'Bureau' meaning desk.
Weber and Bureaucracy
- Weber was a German socialist and at the time of the German empire people were directed by rules which were impersonally applied.
- These were staffed by full time professionals who lived off a salary.
- Credentialism relates to the preoccupation with formal educational qualifications.
- The 'ideal type' of bureaucracy is ensuring efficient functioning of the organisation.
- Capitalists seek machinery to enlarge profits
- Karl Marx had a class interest
- Nietzche - believed we should never be obedient. What we believe is right.
- Weber said that truth is rationalisation. E.g. going out drinking to meet friends. Ultimately, I see it as kind of the excuse you make to do something.
- Prussian Bureaucracy - created new jobs and therefore a new class; the middle class.
- Non-teleological idea belonged to Weber
- Weber thinks that you can use a hypothesis in human behaviour not just science - scientific method.
He believes that you can use scientific methods on humans.
- If you create a hierarchy in 1 country then one in another the hypothesis is that you will create a war.
- Weber is a social scientist and this relates to his 4 types of social action shown at the beginning of this post.
- Bureaucratics HAVE to stick to the rules. They get paid a salary to stick by these specific rules.
- The state is a monopoly of legitimate violence. We can not take the violence into our own hands as that is the states job.
1. Instrumental rational action - Performed due to social status and security factors. Ultimately doing something to further yourself.
2. Value rational action - It is a good thing to do
3. Affectual emotional action - Emotional reason behind it
4. Traditional - what you believe should be done in society. 'Just because'.
Weber believes there is no absolute knowledge. This could possibly be related to Hegel and the way in which Hegel believed knowledge is the instrument used to get hold of the absolute.
The first bureaucratic state was the German Empire. The Prussian army was the heart of the state and was also highly bureaucratic.
A bureaucracy is a rule conducted from a desk/office. The world comes from the French word 'Bureau' meaning desk.
Weber and Bureaucracy
- Weber was a German socialist and at the time of the German empire people were directed by rules which were impersonally applied.
- These were staffed by full time professionals who lived off a salary.
- Credentialism relates to the preoccupation with formal educational qualifications.
- The 'ideal type' of bureaucracy is ensuring efficient functioning of the organisation.
- Capitalists seek machinery to enlarge profits
- Karl Marx had a class interest
- Nietzche - believed we should never be obedient. What we believe is right.
- Weber said that truth is rationalisation. E.g. going out drinking to meet friends. Ultimately, I see it as kind of the excuse you make to do something.
- Prussian Bureaucracy - created new jobs and therefore a new class; the middle class.
- Non-teleological idea belonged to Weber
- Weber thinks that you can use a hypothesis in human behaviour not just science - scientific method.
He believes that you can use scientific methods on humans.
- If you create a hierarchy in 1 country then one in another the hypothesis is that you will create a war.
- Weber is a social scientist and this relates to his 4 types of social action shown at the beginning of this post.
- Bureaucratics HAVE to stick to the rules. They get paid a salary to stick by these specific rules.
- The state is a monopoly of legitimate violence. We can not take the violence into our own hands as that is the states job.
Weber - Lecture
The Big 4
Marx (class, ideology, economics)
Nietzshe (morality, culture)
Weber (power, legitimacy, domination)
Freud (sexuality, irrationality, sub-conscious)
Max Weber came up with a general theory of rationalisation. Weber believed the death of civilisation is through bordem and that creative people are seen as lunatics. Marx's theory is that classes have to beat other classes and so on. An example of this is the Paris Commune and how for the first time in History the establishment was overturned, even if only for a few days. After the 1870's along came anti-semitism, corruption, Moulan Rouge, prostitution, racism and war. This all results in the start of WW1.
1871- Franco-Prussian War
- There was a big impact on Germany; Germany turns into the German empire after the win of Prussia. Germany was a geographical region with different countries who spoke German. With the defeat of France, all the German speaking countries except Austria join to create the German empire.
Germany was the 1st modern bureaucratic state.
BUREAU- French word for office
CRATIC - Political
Nation building requires officials such as doctors, factory inspectors etc. German bureaucracy was incredibly efficient and the universities at the time were very similar to the military. University students wore similar uniforms to the military.
50% of parents in this generation work for the state in places such as schools, offices, police officers, doctors and so on. Karl Marx believed our parents who do work in bureaucratic jobs would be dead/struggling at this time. However it actually allowed for the rise of the middle class with loans and banking etc.
Max Weber analysed the state as a whole and believed that in some way we would all be a cog, connected to one another, then other connected to the state. Weber (much like Marx) is Kantian and believed that humans can not know the objects in themselves, no absolute reality; we only have a mental picture - the ideal types of organisation such as socialism, nationalism and liberalism.
The meaning of Teleological is that we are going somewhere, the known process of development.
Method in sociological is Kantian - scientific - hypothesis + successive approximation to truth.
There is no absolute knowledge, but it is possible to be honest and to have reasonable truths.
Kant believed of the internal feeling when being honest. Journalists use opinion as you can't know the actual truth about a murder etc. So J's often use such ideas of Kant.
Weber has 4 fundamental types of social action
1. Instrumental-rational action (social status + security factors)
- when you did it for rational good
2. Value-rational action
- It is a good thing to do e.g. coming to the lecture. It shows values and is educationally good
3.-emotional affirmation/disaffirmation (oriental)
- Because you have affection for someone. Coming to a lecture as you love someone who is in it.
4. Traditional (rational inheritance-anticipating) orientation. Affectual
- It is tradition. E.g. Family BBQ's, you have to go as it is a family tradition etc.
There are also different types of authority;
- Traditional (family, ceremonies, ritual submission)
- Charismatic- people who we obey (doctors; even though they give us weird pills we trust that they know what they are doing)
Marx (class, ideology, economics)
Nietzshe (morality, culture)
Weber (power, legitimacy, domination)
Freud (sexuality, irrationality, sub-conscious)
Max Weber came up with a general theory of rationalisation. Weber believed the death of civilisation is through bordem and that creative people are seen as lunatics. Marx's theory is that classes have to beat other classes and so on. An example of this is the Paris Commune and how for the first time in History the establishment was overturned, even if only for a few days. After the 1870's along came anti-semitism, corruption, Moulan Rouge, prostitution, racism and war. This all results in the start of WW1.
1871- Franco-Prussian War
- There was a big impact on Germany; Germany turns into the German empire after the win of Prussia. Germany was a geographical region with different countries who spoke German. With the defeat of France, all the German speaking countries except Austria join to create the German empire.
Germany was the 1st modern bureaucratic state.
BUREAU- French word for office
CRATIC - Political
Nation building requires officials such as doctors, factory inspectors etc. German bureaucracy was incredibly efficient and the universities at the time were very similar to the military. University students wore similar uniforms to the military.
50% of parents in this generation work for the state in places such as schools, offices, police officers, doctors and so on. Karl Marx believed our parents who do work in bureaucratic jobs would be dead/struggling at this time. However it actually allowed for the rise of the middle class with loans and banking etc.
Max Weber analysed the state as a whole and believed that in some way we would all be a cog, connected to one another, then other connected to the state. Weber (much like Marx) is Kantian and believed that humans can not know the objects in themselves, no absolute reality; we only have a mental picture - the ideal types of organisation such as socialism, nationalism and liberalism.
The meaning of Teleological is that we are going somewhere, the known process of development.
Method in sociological is Kantian - scientific - hypothesis + successive approximation to truth.
There is no absolute knowledge, but it is possible to be honest and to have reasonable truths.
Kant believed of the internal feeling when being honest. Journalists use opinion as you can't know the actual truth about a murder etc. So J's often use such ideas of Kant.
Weber has 4 fundamental types of social action
1. Instrumental-rational action (social status + security factors)
- when you did it for rational good
2. Value-rational action
- It is a good thing to do e.g. coming to the lecture. It shows values and is educationally good
3.-emotional affirmation/disaffirmation (oriental)
- Because you have affection for someone. Coming to a lecture as you love someone who is in it.
4. Traditional (rational inheritance-anticipating) orientation. Affectual
- It is tradition. E.g. Family BBQ's, you have to go as it is a family tradition etc.
There are also different types of authority;
- Traditional (family, ceremonies, ritual submission)
- Charismatic- people who we obey (doctors; even though they give us weird pills we trust that they know what they are doing)
08/03/2012
Politics
It won't surprise me if anyone reading this has stopped simply by reading the title. Yes I know, Politics, for many people the most boring thing you could ever listen to. I mean at least if your watching it on the TV or hearing it on the radio you hardly need to concentrate. Yet reading it on someone's blog, hmmm no thanks. But in order for such information to sink in it is a good idea for me personally to write up my notes. Although I don't find Politics very interesting, it is a very important topic for a Journalist -no matter what type- to know so therefore this is the reason I am blogging about it.
When talking about Local Politics, the top level of Politics is the County Council, then followed by City/District Councils. Ultimately, both can be kind of put together therefore creating a unitary authority. People who are in the 'Cabinet' (were not talking of a place you keep your glasses or fine china), are the highest ranking members of the Government. The Shadow Cabinet relates to rival parties. The often order would go - MPs - Cabinet - Shadow Cabinet - PMQ's.
Civil Servants are the people who make/stop things from happening. These people are NOT elected, yet get paid a large sum of money to do their job. These people are neutral and are not on one specific political side. Ultimately, they are servants of the public.
National Politics
The press are named the 4th estate in National Politics. Journalists sniff for corruption and check the politicians are doing their job. Not only this but Journalists have privilege to allow them to talk and write stories. The Police allow Journalists to do so as they want to show that they are doing their job properly, therefore allowing Journalists this privilege.
John Wilkes is a hero of Journalism. He is also the only Journalist who has a statue which is situated off fleet street; the street where all the large newspapers were situated.
Wilkes was forced into exile numerous times and called the King a liar. All of which are obviously defamatory statements. His newspaper was named The North Britton and attacked a number of people including Lord Brute, an MP. All in all Wilkes established privilege for us Journalists allowing us to write about parliament and allow for free speech and the constitutional basis of free speech. The rules of privilege means that you can report basically anything said in the House of Commons but as a Journalist you must not forget the Sub Judice rule which is contempt.
Now going on to fair comment, it provides a defence if a comment is an opinion, supported by facts, is honest and is in the matter of the public interest. With your comment you can basically say what you like about politicians and in newspapers there is no need for balance. Consequently, in TV and radio you are expected to be balanced.
Voting in the commons is formally called a 'division'. The parties try to control the way in which their MP's vote through whipping, unless there is a free vote. Whipping relates to tough people who keep everyone in line. They are the parties enforcers and they threaten punishment for party members who ensure that they vote according to the official party policy. These people are selected by the Prime Minister.
The people in the House of Lords are not elected, they are sometimes experts in their fields and also are often rich. All laws have to be approved by both Houses of Parliament and Lords.
- The lords are not elected and do not represent any particular constituencies.
- They are not paid a salary, though they can claim expenses
- Lords are allowed to vote on changes to taxation and finance.
-They never have the final word, though the Government may sometimes choose to compromise.
The same amendments must be agreed by both Houses. In the event of a disagreement, the lords do not have the power to reject legislation.
Green Paper = Consultation document, the start of a law. E.g. 'We think everyone in the UK should have a slice of pizza every day'.
White Paper = When it comes back and is actually made into some sort of law. E.g. 'We like the idea of this but we think it should be two slices of pizza.'
This white paper then gets sent to the committee stage and experts will check the laws.
Hansard is the written document in Parliament. It can be described as the official report of the proceedings of Parliament and are published daily.
Party Funding relates to subscriptions from members, donations from wealth donors and state funding. The number of party memberships have fallen dramatically so parties often rely heavily on wealthy donors. This then leas to claims of cash for honours - Lloyd George sold them openly.
When talking about Local Politics, the top level of Politics is the County Council, then followed by City/District Councils. Ultimately, both can be kind of put together therefore creating a unitary authority. People who are in the 'Cabinet' (were not talking of a place you keep your glasses or fine china), are the highest ranking members of the Government. The Shadow Cabinet relates to rival parties. The often order would go - MPs - Cabinet - Shadow Cabinet - PMQ's.
Civil Servants are the people who make/stop things from happening. These people are NOT elected, yet get paid a large sum of money to do their job. These people are neutral and are not on one specific political side. Ultimately, they are servants of the public.
National Politics
The press are named the 4th estate in National Politics. Journalists sniff for corruption and check the politicians are doing their job. Not only this but Journalists have privilege to allow them to talk and write stories. The Police allow Journalists to do so as they want to show that they are doing their job properly, therefore allowing Journalists this privilege.
John Wilkes is a hero of Journalism. He is also the only Journalist who has a statue which is situated off fleet street; the street where all the large newspapers were situated.
Now going on to fair comment, it provides a defence if a comment is an opinion, supported by facts, is honest and is in the matter of the public interest. With your comment you can basically say what you like about politicians and in newspapers there is no need for balance. Consequently, in TV and radio you are expected to be balanced.
Voting in the commons is formally called a 'division'. The parties try to control the way in which their MP's vote through whipping, unless there is a free vote. Whipping relates to tough people who keep everyone in line. They are the parties enforcers and they threaten punishment for party members who ensure that they vote according to the official party policy. These people are selected by the Prime Minister.
The people in the House of Lords are not elected, they are sometimes experts in their fields and also are often rich. All laws have to be approved by both Houses of Parliament and Lords.
- The lords are not elected and do not represent any particular constituencies.
- They are not paid a salary, though they can claim expenses
- Lords are allowed to vote on changes to taxation and finance.
-They never have the final word, though the Government may sometimes choose to compromise.
The same amendments must be agreed by both Houses. In the event of a disagreement, the lords do not have the power to reject legislation.
Green Paper = Consultation document, the start of a law. E.g. 'We think everyone in the UK should have a slice of pizza every day'.
White Paper = When it comes back and is actually made into some sort of law. E.g. 'We like the idea of this but we think it should be two slices of pizza.'
This white paper then gets sent to the committee stage and experts will check the laws.
Hansard is the written document in Parliament. It can be described as the official report of the proceedings of Parliament and are published daily.
Party Funding relates to subscriptions from members, donations from wealth donors and state funding. The number of party memberships have fallen dramatically so parties often rely heavily on wealthy donors. This then leas to claims of cash for honours - Lloyd George sold them openly.
Anti-Semitism
So, I thought I normally didn't understand Philosophy very well until I came across this topic. Well, I had it easy up until now. Much like my classmates I found Anti-Semitism and the idea of Nationalism all a bit long-winded and confusing. On the up side I do enjoy learning about some parts of History and the Jews and the Holocaust I find quite interesting. The reason for this is through College and my Film Studies course. We studied documentary and watched a handful of films relating to the Jews and the Holocaust. The one which affected me the most was named Night and Fog. It was a half an hour documentary showing the concentration camps and the way they looked and how the Jews were treated. Images were shown of hundreds of dead bodies of the Jews piled on top of each other in a ditch. Not only this but rooms full to the top of hair, another of reading glasses. The images I saw were completely disturbing and it brang to light the seriousness of the Holocaust and how people were treated.
Lazare is Journalists and he was first to defend Dreyfus in the Dreyfus Affair. If you are reading this -quite unlikely- then I mentioned Dreyfus in my past philosophy blog post. Lazare had Jewish parents yet he himself was not religious. In this day and age Jews were apparently unsociable people and were disliked them as they were not part of their specific culture. At the beginning of Lazare's book he suggests that Jewish people are responsible for their own downfall. Just this alone can portray the way people found it easy to isolate Jews.
After Israel failed to defend their own liberty, the Jews were placed across the world, split up from their small community they had. Ultimately, this was quite an important factor as the Jew's enjoyed having company of other Jew's due to their particular views and morals. Originally the Jew's were the ones who were named God's people on earth and therefore they believed the laws were made specifically at them. Some may guess what happens next as religious classes such as who were God's people are fairly common. The Jewish and Christians had a large issue with one another. The Christians believed they were the chosen ones from God, which inevitably made the Jews and visa versa extremely frustrated. 'Letter to Diognetus' was a letter written by Christians and was the first Anti-Jewish writing to convert them to the world of Christ. The Jews therefore came up with stories to humiliate the Christians in return However it was a very difficult time for the Jews as it was the time between the Reformation and the French Revolution and Jew's were sometimes banished from the Ghetto's which was were they were essentially 'kept'.
In France, 1791, the Jews were granted rights as actual citizens. During the French Revolution, the Bourgeoisie who were the owners of the factories etc teamed up with the Jews. The reason for this was because the Jewish people were able to give aid in the sense of promoting the combination of capital.
Jew's were long associated with the financial sectors. Today many people believe Jew's to be greedy and tight, yet in the Renaissance the Jew's opened the first banks around. In this day and age there are now Muslim banks which are only for Muslims. The common reason for this is segregation due to certain rules and beliefs of that religion. The Muslims have their own banks as with stuff such as interest, they will not take it as they see it as gambling. During the time that the Jew's themselves were isolated, there were religious loopholes were people went to the Jew's for help out of necessity rather than common kindness.
Nationalism
Nationalism relates to the way we take pride in our nation and also the way in which we class ourselves. If we are born in Britain but have foreign parents, can be be classed as British? It is an ongoing issue which could ultimately be debated 24/7 but there is no clear answer.
America have a great amount of national pride and this can be relate to such ideas as the 'American Dream'. In primary school in America they all pledge allegiance to the flag. Just this alone can portray the way the Americas have a large amount of pride in their country. It can be said that nations exist whilst people still have common beliefs and interests.
Lazare is Journalists and he was first to defend Dreyfus in the Dreyfus Affair. If you are reading this -quite unlikely- then I mentioned Dreyfus in my past philosophy blog post. Lazare had Jewish parents yet he himself was not religious. In this day and age Jews were apparently unsociable people and were disliked them as they were not part of their specific culture. At the beginning of Lazare's book he suggests that Jewish people are responsible for their own downfall. Just this alone can portray the way people found it easy to isolate Jews.
After Israel failed to defend their own liberty, the Jews were placed across the world, split up from their small community they had. Ultimately, this was quite an important factor as the Jew's enjoyed having company of other Jew's due to their particular views and morals. Originally the Jew's were the ones who were named God's people on earth and therefore they believed the laws were made specifically at them. Some may guess what happens next as religious classes such as who were God's people are fairly common. The Jewish and Christians had a large issue with one another. The Christians believed they were the chosen ones from God, which inevitably made the Jews and visa versa extremely frustrated. 'Letter to Diognetus' was a letter written by Christians and was the first Anti-Jewish writing to convert them to the world of Christ. The Jews therefore came up with stories to humiliate the Christians in return However it was a very difficult time for the Jews as it was the time between the Reformation and the French Revolution and Jew's were sometimes banished from the Ghetto's which was were they were essentially 'kept'.
In France, 1791, the Jews were granted rights as actual citizens. During the French Revolution, the Bourgeoisie who were the owners of the factories etc teamed up with the Jews. The reason for this was because the Jewish people were able to give aid in the sense of promoting the combination of capital.
Jew's were long associated with the financial sectors. Today many people believe Jew's to be greedy and tight, yet in the Renaissance the Jew's opened the first banks around. In this day and age there are now Muslim banks which are only for Muslims. The common reason for this is segregation due to certain rules and beliefs of that religion. The Muslims have their own banks as with stuff such as interest, they will not take it as they see it as gambling. During the time that the Jew's themselves were isolated, there were religious loopholes were people went to the Jew's for help out of necessity rather than common kindness.
Nationalism
Nationalism relates to the way we take pride in our nation and also the way in which we class ourselves. If we are born in Britain but have foreign parents, can be be classed as British? It is an ongoing issue which could ultimately be debated 24/7 but there is no clear answer.
America have a great amount of national pride and this can be relate to such ideas as the 'American Dream'. In primary school in America they all pledge allegiance to the flag. Just this alone can portray the way the Americas have a large amount of pride in their country. It can be said that nations exist whilst people still have common beliefs and interests.
Television New Media and Convergence
A rising question which has been occurring for years is whether 'new' media such as the internet result in the extinction of television? A number of early theorists of new media argued 'yes' this was based on an assumption of radical difference between old and new. New technologies will directly impact upon people and cause them to change their practices. People will then move on where old media like TV will not be as relevant as before.
1920 - The arrival of radio terrified the Newspaper industry, yet papers adapted to the change
1950 - Arrival of television was a threat to cinema. Cinema adapts to the change releasing the wide screen, horror genre and luxury seating. Not only this but television learnt to feed of cinema e.g. film music night.
By the end of the 90's people still enjoyed watching television but they also started consuming television media in different ways and spreading the 'textual love'. Sounds like something from the 60's there peace, love and all that jazz.
In 1974 media theorists Raymond Williams talked of 'planned flow'. The meaning of 'flow' relates to movement of media texts. Television programmes cant be understood as a set of discrete texts rather they must be understood in terms of texts that exist on TV.
An example is the 2011 X-Factor final where 13.1 million people watched the show. This can be related to traditional 'appointment to view' television but with new media interactivity.
Livingstone (2000) found that young people spent more time with new media not at the expense of old media, but other activities.
Television has survived and flourished as its content flows off the screen and into other media's. TV remains the central medium but is joined by other media which result in a rich ecology of forms of media delivering themed content/events. It can be said that new media forms seem to converge on content. It now exists in a multi-directional ecology.
An example of this is Channel 4's Embarrassing Bodies. It has online videos, online health guides, an online health checker and a 'share your pictures' forum. Channel 4 claims to support 'knowledge communities'.
Paratexts relate to extra-textual elements that offer additional resources in interpreting texts. Such as websites which have character 'back stories' e.g. E4's Skins. Not only this but it can be related to blogs and online spoilers also.
Within the Narrative Theory, paratexts can provide non-linear narratives, prequels and sequels and spoilers providing foreknowledge of narrative resolutions.
Henry Jenkins (2006) conceptualises all this in terms of audience empowerment. Fan energies can be 'commodified' by corporate interests such as Jamie Oliver and his line of goods and adverts with Sainsburys.
Convergence is a meaning which relates to making improvements within texts. It is the way in which new and old media converge together to make it better, much like TV and Cinema did in the 50's.
1920 - The arrival of radio terrified the Newspaper industry, yet papers adapted to the change
1950 - Arrival of television was a threat to cinema. Cinema adapts to the change releasing the wide screen, horror genre and luxury seating. Not only this but television learnt to feed of cinema e.g. film music night.
By the end of the 90's people still enjoyed watching television but they also started consuming television media in different ways and spreading the 'textual love'. Sounds like something from the 60's there peace, love and all that jazz.
In 1974 media theorists Raymond Williams talked of 'planned flow'. The meaning of 'flow' relates to movement of media texts. Television programmes cant be understood as a set of discrete texts rather they must be understood in terms of texts that exist on TV.
An example is the 2011 X-Factor final where 13.1 million people watched the show. This can be related to traditional 'appointment to view' television but with new media interactivity.
Livingstone (2000) found that young people spent more time with new media not at the expense of old media, but other activities.
Television has survived and flourished as its content flows off the screen and into other media's. TV remains the central medium but is joined by other media which result in a rich ecology of forms of media delivering themed content/events. It can be said that new media forms seem to converge on content. It now exists in a multi-directional ecology.
An example of this is Channel 4's Embarrassing Bodies. It has online videos, online health guides, an online health checker and a 'share your pictures' forum. Channel 4 claims to support 'knowledge communities'.
Paratexts relate to extra-textual elements that offer additional resources in interpreting texts. Such as websites which have character 'back stories' e.g. E4's Skins. Not only this but it can be related to blogs and online spoilers also.
Within the Narrative Theory, paratexts can provide non-linear narratives, prequels and sequels and spoilers providing foreknowledge of narrative resolutions.
Henry Jenkins (2006) conceptualises all this in terms of audience empowerment. Fan energies can be 'commodified' by corporate interests such as Jamie Oliver and his line of goods and adverts with Sainsburys.
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